Although bacteria in the wild likely spend the majority of their time in non-growing states, relatively little is known about cell physiology and gene expression in such states, especially at the single-cell level. For instance, it is not known whether constant population size during stationary phase corresponds to the fact that all cells stopped growing and dividing, or to a balance between slow growth and mortality. It has also been reported that constitutive genes remain expressed at low level in such conditions, but it is not clear yet how this production is balanced so that protein concentration appears to be stable.
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